Analyzing The Middle Market Debt - 2162 Words

Leveraged credit suffered from heightened volatility over the third quarter as mutual fund investors withdrew from the sector amid concerns about frothy valuations and talk of a credit bubble. We believe the high-yield bond market correction this quarter is healthy and overdue, but investors can expect choppier waters ahead. One segment we believe may help limit near-term volatility risk while capturing strong returns is middlemarket debt. One way that we identify middle-market debt is based on deal size of up to $750 million, and we specifically find value in those between $300 million and $750 million, which we classify as â€Å"upper middle-market.† As a whole, middle-market debt historically had many attractive features relative to larger†¦show more content†¦As if reacting to the tolling bells, high-yield markets sold off in July, leading to volatility that would spread across risk assets throughout the quarter. High-yield corporate bonds posted a loss of 1.3 per cent in July, the first monthly loss in 10 months, with spreads widening by 13 percent. Equities followed, with the SP 500 dropping 4 percent between July 24 and Aug. 7, climbing to record levels in August, and falling again in September. As the quarter ended, the risk-off sentiment that overtook markets was clear as defensive sectors, mainly consumer staples and healthcare, outperformed more cyclical sectors such as consumer discretionary and energy. Our outlook for the U.S. economy remains positive. Despite weakness in September, strong U.S. economic data justified the rebound to the SP 500’s highs in August. Second-quarter gross domestic product was revised upward to 4.2 percent, led by business investment. Durable goods orders surged over the summer to set the largest one-month gain on record while consumer confidence continued to hit multi-year highs. With tailwinds for economic growth gathering, we could see a strong third-quarter GDP reading of approximately 3.2 percent. While the U.S. economy is set to move full steam ahead, international economic data remain weak. Euro zone economic confidence is falling as the entire region continues to battle below-target inflation. At the start of September, the European Central Bank cut interest

Federal Crime And The Civil War - 1594 Words

Federalization of crime has expanded dramatically in the 200 plus years since the drafting of the U. S. Constitution. The original scope of the federal criminal jurisdiction was very narrow, and crime control was left largely to the states. Until the Civil War, there were only a small number of federal offenses, and they dealt with injury to or interference with the federal government itself or its programs. The federal offenses during this time were treason, counterfeiting, piracy, and felonies committed on the high seas (Marion Oliver, 2012). Except in those areas where federal jurisdiction was exclusive, the District of Columbia and the federal territories, federal law did not reach crimes against individuals; such as murder, rape, arson, robbery and fraud, were absolute concern of the states. State laws defined these offenses which were prosecuted by state or local officials. Congressional activity making essential local conduct a federal crime has accelerated greatly, not ably in areas in which existing state laws already criminalize the same conduct. One must examine the history of federalization of crime to clearly understand why the U.S. Government began to federalize crime and the arguments for and against the federalization of crime. The first major expansion of federalization of crime occurred immediately after the Civil War. Congress enacted a series of criminal laws in regards to the misuse of the mails and interstate commerce (Marion et al., 2012).Show MoreRelatedHistory of the Fbi Essay726 Words   |  3 Pages The Federal Bureau of Investigation was founded in 1908 when the Attorney General appointed an anonymous force of 34 Special Agents to be investigators for the Department of Justice. Before that, the DOJ had to borrow Agents from the U.S. Secret Service. In 1909, the Special Agent Force was renamed the Bureau of Investigation, and after countless name changes, it became The Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. When the FBI was established, there werent an abundance of federal crimes, so itRead MoreFederal Asset Forfeiture Is The Driving Force Behind Money Laundering Today1666 Words   |  7 Pages Civil forfeiture Frank Regueira Dustin Dariano, MS Research Methods October 11 2015 Introduction Madinger (2011) Argued that Civil asset forfeiture is the driving force behind money-laundering today is forfeiture. The act allows the government or law enforcement officials to confiscate, sell or keep any property alleged to be involved in criminal activity without convicting the individual, massively threatens the right to own property. Speculations, allegations and suspicionsRead More The F.B.I. Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the U.S. from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the constitution of the U.S.: this is the mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The agency now known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation wasRead MoreMass Incarceration : The United States1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe rhetoric of â€Å"law and order† first came about in the late 1950s as white opposition to the Civil Rights Movement was encouraged by southern governors and law enforcement. They argued that civil rights movements and Martin Luther King Jr’s philosophy of civil disobedience was the leading cause of crime. Protesters were seen as criminals. Richard Nixon (Vice-President at the time) said, â€Å"The increasing crime rate can be traced directly to the spread of the corrosive doctrine that every citizen possessesRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesInstead of a formalized institution such as slavery or Jim Crow, America has found a new way to continue the marginalization of blacks by using the criminal justice system. In Michelle Alexander’s book â€Å" The New Jim Crow†, she shows how Americaâ€⠄¢s â€Å" War on Drugs â€Å" has become a tool of racial segregation and how the discretionary enforcement of drug laws has resulted in an overwhelmingly negative affect on its black population. In the early days of colonial America, slavery was not as common as weRead MoreThe Policing Model : Brazil1160 Words   |  5 Pagesthe federal police, he federal highway police, the federal railway police, the state military police and fire brigade, and the state civil police. Brazil police officers only have two main functions which is to keep order and to make sure laws are not broken. The Federal Police: The federal police main function is to investigate crimes that are against the federal government, to fight international drug trafficking, and terrorism, and are the immigration and border police as well. The Federal HighwayRead MoreThe Current Japanese Justice System1045 Words   |  5 Pageselements of the American justice system. This is not to say that the systems are similar, far from it. They are quite different due to the perception of the purpose of a justice system based on history and differences in culture. Japan: Pre- World War II â€Å"Modern† Japan is predominantly known as the Meiji Era in 1868. Before this era, Tokugawa governments (between 1503 and 1868) adopted Confucianism and were mostly based on dogmas of social hierarchy and harmony. (Henderson, 1965). These dogmas forcedRead More Tribunals Essays1344 Words   |  6 Pages President Bushs decision to consider establishing military tribunals to prosecute accused terrorists has set off a major debate on civil liberties in the United States. Supporters argue that such a measure is a constitutional necessity to address terrorism of an unprecedented scope. Opponents claim that the tribunals would undermine the rule of law and deprive defendants of the protection provided for in the American system of justice. My research and personnel experience on the subject has foundRead MoreFederal Republic of Brazil1653 Words   |  7 Pagesmore Roman Catholics than any other country in the world.† (Brazil, 2004) The government of Brazil is a Federal Republic. In this system the President is both the head of state and the head of government, as well as the head of a multi-party system. The political and administrative organizations of Brazil include federal and state governments, federal districts and the municipalities. The federal government controls the central government and is divided in three branches. Like America it is dividedRead MoreThree branches of government1113 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal courts, civil courts, and corrections. Federal Government Criminal Justice System The United States federal government is made up of three branches, which all serve different purpose but are equal in power to ensure a system of checks and balances. Just like the federal government has a separation of powers and different components, the United States criminal justice system not only has many components, but is also ruled by both federal and state authorities

Futility Case Free Essays

Baby Chris was born at 23 weeks gestational age (40 weeks gestation is full-term) and weighs about 1. 2 pounds. Because of extreme prematurity and extremely low birth weight, this baby has less than a 10% chance of surviving. We will write a custom essay sample on Futility Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even if the baby survives, the likelihood of very serious physical and developmental damage (cerebral palsy, blindness, hearing impairments, respiratory impairments, and other problems) is very high. (In one recent study, ALL of the infants who survived long enough to be discharged from intensive care had significant long-term damage. ) Treatment, that is, treatments, would be invasive, painful, and would continue over a long period of time. It is really so sad that a newborn baby would begin his life under such very difficult circumstances. What is worse is that the treatments that would supposedly save him would instead condemn him into the most compromised existence possible. Instead of living the normal, carefree existence of a child, Chris would have a life that is forever associated with pain, medicines, surgeries, and rehabilitation. Not even an adult can handle such a distressing way of life. But the doctors of Chris cannot just refrain from giving him treatments. They are doctors, after all, and it is their duty to cure the sick. Even the hospital policy and the courts would certainly agree with them. Furthermore, it is the right of the sick to receive treatment that would cure him or her of his ailment. Does this mean that the physicians of Chris can virtually turn him into a human guinea pig? While a doctor has an obligation to cure the ailing, the welfare of his or her patient must always be prioritized above this duty (Cohen-Kohler and Illingworth 366). In the context of the subject of the limits of medicine, the concept of patient welfare is synonymous to the rights to informed consent and to have a say on the treatment plan that the doctor devised. Simply put, any steps that a physician will take to continue or withhold treatment must be fully explained to the patient beforehand and carried out with his or her consent. Furthermore, the wishes of the patient must be taken into consideration. However, because Chris is a newborn baby (making him a minor in the eyes of the law), it is his parents who should make the final decisions on a treatment plan for him. In both the legal and the social perspectives, the parents are considered as the primary custodians of their children (Maccoby and Mnookin 282). Unless it has been proven that they are incapable of carrying out their responsibilities as parents, it is they who are supposed to decide for their minor children. It is permissible to make Chris comfortable but not start treatments that would prolong his life. It must be remembered that because he is premature and has very low birth weight, his survival rate it less than 10%. Should Chris survive, he will spend his entire life battling serious health conditions such as cerebral palsy, blindness, hearing impairments, and respiratory impairments. Furthermore, the treatments that will be administered in order to prolong his life are invasive and painful and would last indefinitely. The problem with many doctors is that in their excessive zeal to carry out their duty, they reduce the concept of human life to biological normality (Stark 6). Their idea of a cured patient is someone who is biologically alive and is free of infirmity, never mind if the treatments that are given to him or to her severely reduce the quality of his or her life. Medicine should not be limited to the elimination of disease or the treatment of an injury. Rather, medicine must treat illness and/or injury with the goal of restoring the overall health and functionality of a person. As the World Health Organization (WHO) puts it, health is â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (qtd. in Furber 192). Under the present circumstances, therefore, it is not permissible to do everything possible to save Chris’ life. Even the most radical treatments would save him only in the sense that he would be kept biologically alive. These would not completely spare Chris from the debilitating effects of cerebral palsy, blindness, hearing impairments, and respiratory impairments. Worse, these treatments would make him suffer even more pain. Subjecting Chris to more treatments defeats the very purpose of medicine – restoring people to their fullest functionality by curing them of their disease and or injury. How can Chris live the life of a normal child if he cannot even get out of bed without machines attached to him? How can he and his parents enjoy life as a family if he constantly has to undergo painful and invasive long-term treatments? What is the point of keeping Chris alive if he will just spend the rest of life in illness and pain? Putting him on aggressive lifesaving treatment would merely worsen the situation. To begin with, his chances of survival are only less than 10%. Should Chris live, he will endure a host of complications that would most likely end in death. He could likewise die while undergoing treatments – the human body can only take so much pain, medicines, surgeries, and rehabilitation. Simply put, with or without treatments, Chris is likely to succumb at any moment. By putting him on aggressive lifesaving treatments, his doctors are giving his parents false hopes. Instead of enabling them to prepare themselves for the impending death of their son, they are making them hold on to futile case. Babies are human beings and therefore, they also have the right to live and die with dignity. Doctors do not have the right to withhold this from them simply because they do not have the capacity to decide for themselves and/or because of a misplaced idea of what medicine should accomplish. Works Cited Cohen-Kohler, Jillian Clare and Patricia Illingworth. â€Å"Access to Medicine and the Role of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Need to Craft a Global Pharmaceutical System with Integrity. † The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics Eds. Peter A. Singer and Adrian M. Viens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 359-368. Furber, Christine. â€Å"Promoting Health to Men. † Men’s Health: An Introduction for Nurses and Health Professionals. Eds. Tony Harrison and Karen Dignan. London: Harcourt Brace and Company Limited, 1999. 191-210. Maccoby, Eleanor E. and Robert H. Mnookin. Dividing the Child: Social and Legal Dilemmas of Custody. 3rd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1992. Stark, Andrew. The Limits of Medicine. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. How to cite Futility Case, Papers

The Source of Ethical Dilemma-Free-Samples- Assignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe and Analyse an Ethical Dilemma that might be Encountered in a Commercial or Industrial Situation. Answer: Introduction: Any individual engaged in any form of work can complain of having gone through the problem of ethical dilemma. Also referred to as the ethical paradox, the ethical dilemma involves a situation in which an individual encounters problem in taking an effective decision. Usually, in such circumstances, the individual is encountered with two possible moral imperatives, out of which neither appears to be more acceptable or preferable as an option (Rom et al. 2017). The instances of ethical dilemmas are also common in universities, and Mr. Walker, a Guest Lecturer working at Western Sydney University had also complained of facing ethical dilemma within the college premise. Hence, it is important to analyze the cause of his ethical dilemma and offer probable recommendations that can help in resolving problems in similar situations. Situation Involving Ethical Dilemma: It is important to consider the case of Walker and analyze the source of ethical dilemma. Walker has always been known as a loving and caring guest lecturer, imparting education with much passion. Walker believes that his duty of teaching the students is not confined to the class rooms only, but he must care for them and cater to their academic needs even outside the classrooms. Accordingly, Professor Walker teaches the students within the class room, providing them with lecture notes, helping them analyze each chapter with a sharp focus on elaborate details. Yet, he observes that the analytical skills or reflective skills of some of the students are not admirably good. Hence, Walker feels that it is his obligation to teach and assist the students outside the classroom as well (Salvador 2017). Walker thought that this would contribute to the creation of a supportive, positive learning environment that could boost the students academic progress. However, as he started teaching some of the students outside his classroom, he found out that these students became over-friendly with him and did not even hesitate asking about additional academic support on a regular basis. This gave rise to a sense of ethical dilemma as the weaker students started asking for more hours of lectures and additional lecture notes outside the classrooms. While often some students would have clarity of concepts, they would still ask for additional notes and reference materials outside the classrooms. As a teacher, it is the duty of Walker to help the students out, and create a caring climate for them, by offering maximum help (Nucci et al. 2014). On the other hand, as a professor, it is his professional obligation to create a formal relation with his students, maintain his authority and ensure equitable distribution of educational resources amongst his students. Ethical Alternatives Available: Faced with the moral dilemma, Walker has two moral imperatives to choose from. First of all, he can offer additional lecture notes to the students, that he would not otherwise provide the students in the classrooms. As a teacher, it is his responsibility to help each one, and if a selected group of students are academically lagging behind, he should come forward and offer them assistance. Since these students are unable to derive sufficient benefit from the class notes, it is Walkers duty to provide them additional resources necessary to develop their academic skills. In a way, this is the right alternative, as he is not depriving anyone, but providing additional assistance to the weaker ones. Dedication to ones own duty is an integral moral concept and as a lecturer, it is his duty to ensure the academic success of all the students. However, the second alternative that Walker can choose is, to offer help to the weaker students as and when they require, without offering them lecture notes that he is not providing in class. As a lecturer, fairness and transparency are two integral principles that have to be taken care of. In case, he chooses the first alternative his action would be unfair as he would provide additional class notes to the weaker students and as a lecturer of the University, it is his responsibility to ensure equitable distribution of educational resources (Beck et al. 2016). Though he can offer academic guidance to the students outside the classrooms, he should not offer them any extra class note that he does not provide in his class rooms. Evaluation of the Chosen Action: The action that has been finally chosen by Walker is to help the weaker students with additional reference materials and lecture notes. While evaluating the moral imperative, it is important to understand how the decision affected people, if any. As far as this decision of Walker was concerned, it definitely helped in boosting the confidence of the students who might have scored higher because of the additional reference materials. As a lecturer, it is his duty to extend his help as and when his students require him (Nather 2013). However, Walker was unaware of the ethical ramification of his action. He should not have provided any lecture notes to the students outside the class. There could be students who were comparatively weaker inside the class and they might have been too shy to come up or ask for academic assistance outside the classrooms. This could create a situation in which some students got access to educational resources while others did not (Liu and Ditto 2013). Walker should have shared the lecture notes with the students in the classrooms, and if needed, could have explained the notes outside the class. This would at least have ensured equitable distribution of educational resources. However, in case of Walker, most of the students (deemed to be strong or moderately strong in studies) were deprived of the additional lecture notes that might have affected their grades in a way. Conclusion: To conclude, it can be stated that Walker did encounter a serious ethical dilemma that gave rise to a dramatic conflict. However, he failed to act in the best interest of all the parties concerned. While extending assistance to a handful of students, he ended up taking up an action that could be considered to be unfair. Walker should have shared the lecture notes with the students in the classrooms, and if needed, could have explained the notes outside the class and hence his chosen action cannot be deemed to be morally correct an alternative. Reference List: Beck, C.M., Crittenden, B.S. and Sullivan, E. eds., 2016.Moral education. University of Toronto Press. Liu, B.S. and Ditto, P.H., 2013. What dilemma? Moral evaluation shapes factual belief.Social Psychological and Personality Science,4(3), pp.316-323. Nather, F., 2013. Exploring the impact of formal education on the moral reasoning abilities of college students.College Student Journal,47(3), pp.470-477. Nucci, L., Krettenauer, T. and Narvez, D. eds., 2014.Handbook of moral and character education. Routledge. Rom, S.C., Weiss, A. and Conway, P., 2017. Judging those who judge: Perceivers infer the roles of affect and cognition underpinning others' moral dilemma responses.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,69, pp.44-58. Salvador, R.O., 2017. Reexamining the Discussion in the Moral Dilemma Discussion.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-16. Shapiro, J.P. and Gross, S.J., 2013.Ethical educational leadership in turbulent times:(Re) solving moral dilemmas. Routledge.

The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Research Paper Example Essay Example

The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Research Paper Example Paper The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Essay Introduction Deanda Jones The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms The first questions we have to ask ourselves; do animals have rights, do they have feelings, do they feel pain, do they need as we do? To find the answer, one needs merely to think back on empirical data if one has ever owned or been around an animal, a dog or a cat, or horses or farm animals. Take for instance a mother cat. When a mother has kittens, she looks for a sheltered, warm, safe place to do so. When they are borne, she cleans her kitten instinctively until the sac it is born in is eaten and the kitten mews loudly, letting the world know she is alive and hungry. If the mother feels her babies are threatened, she will move them to a safer place, averting danger. If anything threatens her kittens, she will fight to the death to protect them. If any animal is in pain, it yelps (a dog), or mews (a cat), or moo’s (a cow). When a cow is separated from her calf, she bellows, likewise, the calf balls for its mothe r. When any animal is cold, it will look for shelter, in the bushes or leaves or a barn. The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Essay Body Paragraphs If a puppy mill gets shut down because of its appalling conditions, such as the birthing dogs living in their own feces, and very little space to live in with no shelter, the community is outraged (some are not, I suppose) and the dogs are taken away to better homes. Animals do feel pain; they instinctively care about the members of their herd or litter. They hear and see, they suffer and feel. They form bonds to man, that if broken, they too suffer feeling of loss or abandonment. Most community’s or state’s have laws in place on the ethical treatment of animals. As long as they are used as pets or bred for pets. On the other hand, the treatment of animals raised for meat production is largely unregulated (Herzog and Golden, 2009) ie. factory farms. Factory farms; poultry-turkeys, chickens eggs, beef, pigs and dairy—their goal is to raise as much livestock in as little space as possible for as little time as possible, for as little money as possible so the bottom line is bigger. Because they are in such a small space, chickens get their beaks clipped so they don’t kill each other. When they go to slaughter, the room is darkened so they are calm (http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=u-uYSafpKmk). Use of antibiotics is a ecessity with factory farms, to stave off disease of so many animals living so closely together. And the list of horrors grows longer. Watch a clip from this film and if you can, check it out from your local video source and watch the whole film: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=yh8c9OUti4c In factory farms, animals are products or commodities, not animals, not pets; they have no rights. After watching some of these films, you get the sense that the world has gone askew some how. That something has gone terribly wrong. You get the feeling that animals are raised in some sort of concentration camps, tortured for life, and then killed. Is an animal raised in such a way, healthy to consume? Large corporations that run facto ry farms can run so cheaply that they have driven the small farmers out of business (Andre’ 2009), which is a sad derivative of factory farming. Their excuse is â€Å"Who else is going to feed the world† (http://www. tyson. com/Consumer/CoreValues. aspx)? A hundred years ago, when people had family farms, everyone grew and raised the food they would consume. They raised their own cattle, sheep, chickens, and pigs and grew a garden. If they wanted something they weren’t raising, they often traded a neighbor for it. County fairs were a place to show off your ingenuity in farming and husbandry skills. Enter the Industrial Age and WWII. Factory’s to get food to the soldiers sprung up everywhere. Convenience food was born and embraced by the ‘modern’ woman. People moved into the city and had to buy food for the first time. People forgot about farming because they didn’t need to. There are some farmers who have stuck it out and still run the ir farms with humane treatment in mind. The philosophy is that happy and content animals make great food. So do we really need to eat animals anyway? With such global access to so many different kinds of food, there is absolutely no reason for westernized country’s to have to eat animals. The new food pyramid called MyPyramid (MyPyramid. org) displays 6 colored bands that represent the different food groups. The protein band, which is purple, lists not only meat and fish, but also beans, peas, nuts, seeds and eggs as protein sources. There are many meat analogues made from soybeans or wheat, which are very popular and are found in the frozen breakfast isle at your local grocers. Utilitarian’s would say, â€Å"No, there’s enough food, you on’t need to treat animals the way we’re doing for food or experiments, but it needs to be implemented in small baby steps so as not to hurt the welfare of man also (Francione, 1997). But if there are starving peo ple in the world and they painlessly kill and eat an animal is morally permissible to do so. Tom Regan, and animal rights proponent argues that â€Å"what is important for moral consideration are not the differences between humans and non-humans but the similarities†-the ability to experience life and to care about oneself regardless of what anyone else thinks, this in and of itself deserve moral consideration (http://plato. tanford. edu/entries/moral-animal/). Animals, Regan says, have value. Consider factory farming, the most common method used to convert animal bodies into relatively inexpensive food in industrialized societies today. An estimated 8 billion animals in the United States are born, confined, biologically manipulated, transported and ultimately slaughtered each year so that humans can consume them. The conditions in which these animals are raised and the method of slaughter causes vast amounts of suffering. Given that animals suffer under such conditions and a ssuming that suffering is not in their interests, then the practice of factory farming would only be morally justifiable if its abolition were to cause greater suffering or a greater amount of interest frustration. Certainly humans who take pleasure in eating animals will find it harder to satisfy these interests in the absence of factory farms; it may cost more and require more effort to obtain animal products. The factory farmers, and the industries that support factory farming, will also have certain interests frustrated if factory farming were to be abolished. How much interest frustration and interest satisfaction would be associated with the end to factory farming is largely an empirical question. But utilitarians are not making unreasonable predictions when they argue that on balance the suffering and interest frustration that animals experience in modern day meat production is greater than the suffering that humans would endure if they had to alter their current practice. ht tp://plato. stanford. edu/entries/moral-animal/ Bentham would say, because he likes quality, and if he likes meat, that it will be alright to humanely raise animals for food. He would have his servants out in the fresh hay-filled barn massaging his beef with beer like the Kobe steaks are. His barn would be cooled in summer, heated in winter to make all of his animals happy, therefore, good to eat. Because of the 7 circumstances from Bentham, he would not at all approve of factory farming, because it doesn’t start well and doesn’t end well for any of the animals involved. see Bibl. below) Deanda Jones Bibliography Western Carolina University, Journal of Social Issues, Harold A. Herzog and Lauren L. Golden Vol. 65, No. 3, 2009, pp. 485—498, Andre Peter, Alternatives Journal Feb2009, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p14-17, 4p http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=u-uYSafpKmk http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=yh8c9OUti4c mypyramid. org http://www. tyson. com/Consumer/CoreValues. aspx) Animal Rights Theory and Utilitarianism: Relative Normative Guidance, Gary L. Francione, 3 Animal L. 75 (1997) Publish Date: 1997 Place of Publication: Lewis amp; Clark Law School We will write a custom essay sample on The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Research Paper Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Research Paper Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Research Paper Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Preludes

The Preludes WinterYou tossed a blanket from the bed, You lay upon your back, and waited; You dozed, and watched the night revealing The thousand sordid images Of which your soul was constituted; They flickered against the ceiling. And when all the world came back And the light crept up between the shutters And you heard the sparrows in the gutters, You had such a vision of the street As the street hardly understands; Sitting along the bed's edge, where You curled the papers from your hair, Or clasped the yellow soles of feet In the palms of both soiled hands.This part is very easier because we already have many images and ideas about the situation in one and two. You should notice that in this part in line 10. You had such a vision of the street. Last time we were talking about the pronounces. Who is the persona? Do we have other characters? Line 10 gives us an evidence to link part 3 to part 2 to part 1.Persona (EP)It is one poem. All the parts should discuss the settling down of the winter eve ning. Now, we have such a vision of the street. The vision already happened in part 1. He goes to many experiences. Now, he has a vision of the street which means that it is the same persona addressing himself.You curled the papers from your hair,Some critics say that this proves to be a girl. No, it is not a girl. We had a lot of garbage and papers in part 1. So, because he was there in the street, his hair is dirty. Now, it is the time to clean himself.You tossed a blanket from the bed,It seems that in part 3, the persona has found a place. It...

LAW & ETHICS IN PRACTICE, and Case study(Paramedics area assessments) Research Paper

LAW & ETHICS IN PRACTICE, and Case study(Paramedics area assessments) - Research Paper Example The patient may not realize the potential seriousness of the wound, the potential danger to himself or others, and may be delirious for various possible reasons. Under the A person of or over 18 years of age may, while of sound mind, give a direction under this section about the medical treatment that the person wants, or does not want, if he or she is at some future time†¦incapable of making decisions about medical treatment when the question of administering the treatment arises† (â€Å"Consent to Medical Treatment and Palliative Care Act 1995,† 1995, pp. 6). Jack’s problem is not simply that he was drinking—the other issue was that he could possibly have other medical problems such as the hemmhoraging or a stroke, given the fact that he had certain symptoms. Under the Ambulance Services Act of 1992, â€Å"A licence†¦will be subject to those provisions of this Act prescribed by the regulations, with any necessary or prescribed modificationsâ₠¬  (â€Å"Health Care Act 2008,† 2008, pp. 40). 4. The doctor has legal, ethical, and moral obligations to follow up with his patient in an active role or capacity. He could have his license revoked without proper follow-up or if he mistakenly prescribed medication for which he did not follow up with the patient. It is not safe to assume that the cause of Jack’s problems are completely due to alcohol; rather, alcohol worsened the situation. Jack was already possibly having a medical problem(s) when he drank alcohol. A possible stroke could’ve happened due to the slurred speech and dizziness. The clinicians should follow up just in case anything else is happening with Jack. A legal request may be made for a breathalyzer test since this did cause a domestic disturbance. Jack may be fined for any subsequent damages caused. â€Å"In Australia [there is no equivalent of] the First Amendment†¦,† therefore Jack cannot just say or do whatever he wants and c all it free speech like it might be posited in the United States (Fatehi, 2007, pp. 102). He must be held liable for what he has said and done. 17.Yes, it is evidence of depression with a suicidal tendency. Jack would probably qualify as a level 1 case. In such a case, â€Å"A patient to whom a level 1 detention and treatment order applies may be given treatment for his or her mental illness or any other illness of a kind authorised by a medical practitioner who has examined the patient† (â€Å"Mental Health Act,† 2009, pp. 20). This is enough to render Jack under the care and control of the first responders. Yes, evidence of depression would allow us to take Jack into our care and control, and by law, we now have enough evidence to put Jack under our care and control. Showing that he has the inability to make rational decisions is part of the rationale of this decision. 20.Delaying a decision on this case puts other, more serious clear-cut cases at risk. Therefore, a decision must be made quickly. If the clinicians cannot decide what to do, the decision should be relegated to a higher authority. The police may be utilised to escort Jack to the ambulance. It has happened in several circumstances before where mental patients have been escorted to ambulances by the police. 28. If a guardianship order was issued, the powers that would then give the paramedic would be to take care and control,

Global Warming Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Warming - Case Study Example Still, it is even more ironic to acknowledge that though global warming is closely linked to Industrial Revolution, which added to human affluence, yet, global warming is surely poised to wrench out a heavy economic cost from both the developed and developing economies. The sad thing is that if one takes into consideration the places worst impacted by global warming, one realizes that it is the poorest and least developed of nations like Bangladesh, Myanmar, Honduras, Vietnam, Nicaragua, etc that are to bear the brunt of this imminent calamity of human making. Global warming is ravaging the developing world in the form of natural disasters like droughts and floods and the consequent epidemics, hunger and large scale human migration and poverty. The thing that needs to be feared is that such calamities and disasters are bound to get more pervasive and pan-global, if something is not urgently done to ameliorate the situation. Global warming is a challenge that needs a concerted and col lective global

The Essentiality of Open-Minded Discourse by Christine Smith Essay

The Essentiality of Open-Minded Discourse by Christine Smith - Essay Example I would first raise this issue in the class discussing the form of the letter's arguments and, next, with the letter's author, my friend. I would then reflect on whether I indeed practice the principles of tolerance that I preach to others. My initial response to the letter in question and the particular discussion in my class characterizing the letter as an example of bad argumentation would be to acknowledge that, yes, the letter presents immature and imprudent arguments against homosexuality. To do otherwise would ignore the obvious. I would then attempt to prevent the class from estimating the quality of my friend from the quality of his arguments, as a good person can have misguided opinions and make flawed arguments. And, equally abhorrent to arguments based on biases and prejudices is passing judgment on a person before taking the time to understand his or her many facets. Indeed, it is precisely this sentiment that I would then carry to my friend, the author of the letter. Since he is my friend, and has been for quite some time, I naturally care about him, his feelings, his perception of the world, and other's perceptions of him. I would advise him that, regardless of his personal opinion of homosexuality, his method of presenting his views was harsh and injudicious, passing rash judgment on homosexuals and on those readers who do not agree with his perspective. I would endeavor to be understanding and patient with my friend, attempting to convey to him the benefit of healthy discourse rather than mere blind contentions about controversial issues. Finally, after having discussed with my classmates and with my friend the advantages of healthy argument and open-mindedness, I would spend some time quietly and sincerely reflecting on whether I practice those qualities myself. I would like to think that I am tolerant and nonjudgmental, and that I was indeed in a moral position to discuss the value of forbearance and open discourse. To be sure, I would re-read my friend's letter, evaluate my initial reaction to it, ponder on whether and how I would write it differently if I felt the need to express my opinion on the subject of homosexuality, and consider whether the entire incident had changed my feelings for my friend or for my classmates. It is through this type of self-reflective process that I can be satisfied that my response to my friend's letter was honest. In sum, one cannot minimize the importance of open dialogue to flesh out the many perspectives our society maintains. Some arguments are better presented than others and, by definition, no one's opinion, though perhaps misguided, can be wrong. Indeed, critical to wise discourse is the ability to express one's opinions and listen to those of others openly and without bias. With hope, then, maybe one person who would otherwise belligerently convey preconceived, negative and baseless opinions will reflect and, instead, embrace a wise and healthy method of expression. Topic Outline I. Introduction A. Acceptance and tolerance lead to healthier expression and debate B. First, discuss the form of the letter's arguments with classmates C. Second, discuss the form of the letter's arguments with friend D. Third, reflect on whether I am tolerant and

Small And Medium Enterprises And Larger Scale Businesses Commerce Essay

Small And Medium Enterprises And Larger Scale Businesses Commerce Essay For this assignment I have done a lot of researches on the small and medium enterprise and larger scale businesses and sole trader. The first question on this assignment is distinguish between small and medium enterprise and large scale businesses .Small and medium enterprise and larger scale businesses are precise and varies by their own factors. The U.S government defines the sizes of businesses, such as the number of employees and number of revenues. Furthermore, these enterprises are sized by employee size, features of small scale industries and characteristics are successful small scale and medium scale business. The next question is interview a sole trader, identify the difficulties that he/she is facing and give suggestion on how to overcome the difficulties. A sole-trader or sole-proprietorship is a business that is owned (and usually operated) by one person. It is the smallest form of business ownership and the easiest to start. For this question I learnt more about a sole-trader. A sole trader a simplest form of business structure. It is also easy and inexpensive to maintain. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ARE PLAYING A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN OUR ECONOMY. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE AND LARGER SCALE BUSINESSES 2.0 Small and Medium Enterprises and Larger scale Businesses 2.1 Definition of Small and Medium Enterprises The Small Business Administration (SBA) of US defines a small business as one which is independently owned and operated for profit and is not dominant in its field (Hughes, 2011). However in Malaysia, there is no common definition of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Different agencies define SMEs based on their own criteria, usually benchmarking against annual sales turnover, and number of full-time employees or shareholders funds. In addition, present definitions focus mainly on SMEs in the manufacturing sector. The following definitions are issued by National SME Development Council of Malaysia: Primary Agriculture A small and medium enterprise in primary agriculture is an enterprise with full-time employees not exceeding 50 or annual sales turnover not exceeding RM5.0M. Manufacturing (including agro-based) A small and medium enterprise in manufacturing (including agro-based) is an enterprise with full employees not exceeding 150 or with annual sales turnover not exceeding RM25million. Services (including ICT) A small and medium enterprise in services is an enterprise with full-time employees of between 5 and 19 or with annual sales turnover of between RM200,000 and less than RM1.0million. The above definitions are then divided into smaller entities, micro, small and medium. The following table summarizes the approved SME definitions based on number of full-time employees: SECTOR / SIZE PRIMARY AGRICULTURE MANUFACTURING (including agro-based) SERVICES SECTOR (including ICT) MICRO Less than 5 employees Less than 5 employees Less than 5 employees SMALL 5 19 employees 5 50 employees 5 19 employees MEDIUM 20 50 employees 51 150 employees 20 50 employees Source: National SME Development Council of Malaysia The table below summarises the approved SME definitions based on annual sales turnover: SECTOR / SIZE PRIMARY AGRICULTURE MANUFACTURING (including agro-based) SERVICES SECTOR (including ICT) MICRO Less than RM200,000 Less than RM250,000 Less than RM200,000 SMALL RM200,000 RM1.0million RM250,000 RM10.0million RM1.0million RM5.0million MEDIUM RM1.0million RM5.0million RM10.0million RM25million RM1.0million RM5.0million Source: National SME Development Council of Malaysia Bank Negara Malaysia had conducted a number of case studies on successful SMEs in Malaysia to identify the key success factors of these SMEs. SMEs involved in the case study had been in operation for more than 10 years, and had been selected based on their financial performance and track record. The case studies demonstrated that although SMEs were from different industries, all the enterprises shared common critical success factors, namely: Sound management capability and integrity; sound business culture and entrepreneurial spirit; Prudent financial management; High quality products and services; Good programme for human resource development; Strong support from financial institutions in terms of lending and advisory services; and Strong marketing strategies, including good network with suppliers 2.2 Definition of Large scale Businesses Large scale can always be defined as a measurement (Hughes, 2011). Scale means a form of measurement and when it is referred to as large it means that you have a more than average amount on the measurement scale. Thus any industry that is large scale will mean that products are produced at a high volume. This in turn provides a higher capital. Large scale industry requires a huge amount of capital to be invested in the industry first. It will provide many jobs for employees in order to offer a high output. This type of industry is found in places such as the USA, Germany, Japan, Russia, and Australia. All of these countries are big money makers and have large operations producing a variety of products. This is different from a small scale industry that does not require as much capital or as many workers. Given these definitions, a large scale industry can be just about anything from construction to the auto trade. Wal-Mart for example is a company in a large scale industry as they offer plenty of jobs and products to the consumers of the world. Size will matter when it comes to industry. Small companies employ about 60% of the work force in the USA due to the 30 million existing companies. Unfortunately, these companies have a lower survival rate meaning that they usually run for five to ten years and then end. 2.3 Differences between a small and medium enterprise and large entities There are many differences between a small and medium enterprise and large entities, namely: speed of decision-making, attitude towards risk, allocation of resources, understanding of business models and management of business models, and differing definitions of innovation. Decision-Making Process Large enterprises, in view of the different bureaucratic levels, will often require longer time to make decisions. This can be very frustrating especially when a decision needs to made immediately. Delay in decision-making may hinder the progress of the company. In this way, SMEs are better-off as more often than not, decisions can be made at the point of urgency. This helps the SMEs top grow more rapidly compared to a large-scaled enterprise. Attitude Towards Risk Large-scale enterprises can afford to take a bigger risk in running the operations of their businesses. This is mainly due to the fact that their capital is larger and there is buffer to absorb any uncertainties. Large size firm, such as Sime Darby and Petronas can afford to invest in foreign countries and earn much more profits compared to other SMEs. However, SMEs need to be wary of the negative consequences should their investments does not bring back the desired returns which may affect their operations in totality. Allocation of Resources In small businesses, every ringgit counts. Resources can be scarce and are allotted based almost solely on whether they will boost the bottom line. This bottom line focus may not be so distinct in a larger corporation. With more abundant resources at least in comparison to smaller companies people in large enterprises may be relatively free spenders. Understanding of Business Models A large enterprise understands the business models in a wider perspective as compared to SMEs. Large enterprises have the resources to conduct in-house trainings or sent their employees (especially management executives) to overseas countries to attend training programme. Such programmes would provide a bigger horizon to its employees who are then able to strategies their activities towards achieving the companys goals and missions. This normally lacks in SMEs. Innovation Competition in the business environment is getting more violent with more and more business entering the market due to a more relax rules and regulations in setting up business entities. In order for a company to remain competitive and relevant in the industry, huge investments need to be made on the product or services. Consumers have the choice of choosing the goods in the market. Large enterprises have the capacity to investment in such innovations compared to SMEs. For example, recently Malaysian Airlines Systems (MAS) purchased new planes (A380 series) to remain relevant in the airline industries. SMEs will have limitation due its limited financial resources. 2.4 Conclusions Even though SMEs and large-scale enterprises have differing characteristics, both plays a pivotal role in Malaysias gross domestics products (GDP). Both institutions provides employment opportunity, contribution in the form of taxes, corporate social responsibility activities and many more. No business had emerged in large entity automatically. Every business needs to start up from a small and medium entity before moving to a larger enterprise. BIBLIOGRAPHY Danks, S. Business Studies (1st edition), 2009, DP Publications, London, UK Hughes, Pride Kapoor, Business Foundation (3rd edition), 2011, South-Western Cengace Learning, Australia Mubarak Ishak, Structure of Business (2nd edition), 2008, S.S.Mubarak Bros (Pte) Ltd, Singapore Susan H, Business Studies (3rd Edition), 2008), Longman Publication, Australia www.bnm.gov.my/sme assessed on 19/7/2012 www.sme.gov.my assessed on 19/7/2012 APPENDIX 1 Members of the National SME Development Council of Malaysia I. The Prime Minister (Chairman) II. Minister of International Trade and Industry III. Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs IV. Minister of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development V. Minister of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industries VI. Minister of Human Resource VII. Minister of Finance II VIII. Minister of Energy, Water and Communications IX. Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities X. Minister of Science, Technology and Innovations XI. Minister of Tourism XII. Minister of Rural and Regional Development XIII. Minister of Education XIV. Minister of Higher Education XV. Minister of Housing and Local Government XVI. Minister in The Prime Ministers Department XVII. Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia APPENDIX 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ACROSS SECTORS I. Primary Agriculture: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Agriculture, Hunting and Related Service Activities à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Forestry, Logging and Related Service Activities à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Fishing, Operation of Fish Hatcheries and Fish Farms; Service Activities Incidental to Fishing ii. Manufacturing (including Agro-Based): à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of food products and beverages à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of tobacco products à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of textiles à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of wearing apparel; Dressing and dyeing of fur à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Tanning and dressing of leather; Manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture; Manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of paper and paper products à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of rubber and plastic products à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of basic metals à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of other transport equipment à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Manufacture of furniture; Manufacturing n.e.c. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Recycling iii. Manufacturing Related Services (based on 5-digit MSIC 2000 codes): à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 73101 Research experimental development services on physical sciences à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 73102 Research experimental development services on chemistry and biology à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 73103 Research experimental development services on engineering and technology à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 73104 Research experimental development services on agricultural sciences à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 73105 Research experimental development services on medical sciences and pharmacy à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 73109 Research experimental development services on other natural sciences à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 60212 Factory bus services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 60230 Freight transport by road à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 60300 Transport via pipelines à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 61102 Freight transportation by sea-going coastal water vessels à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 61202 Inland water freight transport services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 62109 Other scheduled air transport (e.g. helicopter services) n.e.c. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 62209 Other non-scheduled air transport n.e.c. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 63011 Stevedoring services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 63020 Storage and warehousing services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 63091 Activities of freight forwarding / forwarding agencies à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 63099 Activities of other transport agencies n.e.c. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 74950 Packaging services on a fee or contract basis à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 74300 Advertising à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 74130 Market research and public opinion polling à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 74142 General management consultancy services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 74143 Public relations consultancy services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 74149 Other business consultancy and management consultancy services n.e.c. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 92201 Printed news supply services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 92209 Other news agency services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 22190 Other publishing à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 71230 Rental of office machinery and equipment (including computers) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 71302 Rental of furniture à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 90003 Industrial waste collection and disposal services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 37101 Recycling of tin à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 37109 Recycling of other metal waste and scrap à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 37201 Recycling of textile fiber à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 37202 Recycling of rubber à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 37209 Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 74212 Engineering consultancy services à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 27310 Casting of iron steel à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 27320 Casting of non-ferrous metal à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 28910 Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming metal; powder metallurgy à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 28920 Treatment and coating of metals, general mechanical engineering on a fee or contract basis à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 28999 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 29220 Manufacture of machine tools à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 74220 Technical testing and analysis iv. Services: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Electricity, Gas and Water Supply à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles and Personal and Household Goods à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Hotels and Restaurants à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Transport, Storage and Communications à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Financial Intermediation à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Education à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Health and Social Work à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Other Community, Social and Personal Service Activities v. Mining and Quarrying: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Mining of Coal and Lignite; Extraction of Peat à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Extraction of Crude Oil and Natural Gas; Service Activities Incidental to Crude Oil and Natural Gas Extraction Excluding Surveying à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Mining of Uranium and Thorium Ores à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Mining of Metal Ores à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Other Mining Quarrying vi. Construction: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Construction Interview a sole trader, identify the difficulties that he/she is facing and give suggestion on how to overcome the difficulties. 3.0 Sole-Trader A sole-trader or sole-proprietorship is a business that is owned (and usually operated) by one person (Hughes, 2011). It is the smallest form of business ownership and the easiest to start. Looking back at the history of business, some of the giant players in todays market, for example Walmart and Procter Gamble, started their operations as a small entity, i.e. sole-traders. This type of business organization is most commonly established in the construction, retailing, hairdressing, car-servicing and catering trades (Stimpson, 2008). 3.1 About a Sole Trader In order to fulfill the requirements of this assignment, I had interviewed Mr Raman, the proprietor of Raman Supermarket in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. Mr Raman, 48, had started to venture into business in 2000. Initially, he was operating a sundry shop in front of his house at Jalan Loke Yew. However, as business grew, he decided to rent the current shoplot and expanded his business into a supermarket. He sells variety of groceries, which includes fish, vegetables, and other daily consumption goods.He is being assisted by his wife and two Indonesian workers to run the daily chores. His business operation is from 6.30 am to 11.00 pm. 3.2 Problems faced By a Sole-Trader The disadvantages of a sole-trader stem from the fact that these businesses are owned and often managed by one person (Hughes, 2011). Mr Raman had faced similar problems in running his business. Limited capital is the main issue faced by Mr Raman. Banks, suppliers, and other lenders are not willing to finance their business, mainly due to its business entity and low confidence on their repayment capabilities. Working capital is important for daily business operations. Non-granting of credit facilities by suppliers hampers the idea of Mr Raman in running his business in a larger scale. Tight cash flow leads to lower stocks and order-taking. Company is not able to earn a good discount rate from the suppliers. Continuity of the supermarket business or succession plan is another problem faced by Mr Raman. His three children are not interested in continuing his supermarket business. He is worried that the business will cease to exist should he give-up his business when he is old enough to retire. Unlimited liability is perhaps the biggest problems faced by Mr Raman. Due to the nature of the liability, Mr Raman faces the consequences of losing even his private properties should he fails in rejuvenating the business entity. This may lead to him being declared a bankrupt should his properties are insufficient to settle the debts. He can be sued either by the bankers or his suppliers. This is one of the worst disadvantages faced by sole-traders ,such as Mr Raman. Mr Raman also faces difficulties in getting workers for his daily operations. Locals are not willing to accept a low salary as compared to foreigners. However, foreigners have other social and cultural problems. Due to staff shortage, customer service is being compromised. Once he had a bad experience when one of his foreign workers ran off with RM800-00, being the days business proceeds. Currently, he is being assisted by his wife on a part-time basis. This makes it difficult for him to take leave or go for a long vacation as this will jeopardise his business proceeds and may also lead to losing his loyal customers. Mr Raman confessed that the last time his family went for a vacation was five years ago. Competition from bigger retailers is another major problem being faced by Mr Raman. The superstores are able to sell at a lower price due to their bulk purchase and higher discounts offered by the suppliers. Usage of credit / debit cards, which is not viable in Mr Ramans case, is another factor that leads the consumers to larger superstores, for example Jusco, MidValley and Giant, to name a few. Mr Raman is not able to offer similar service due to its limited and tight cash flow. 3.3 Suggestions on how to overcome the difficulties In order to solve Mr Ramans problems, I would therefore propose to him to convert his sole-tradership into a partnership. The US Uniform Partnership Act defines a partnership as a voluntary association of two or more persons to act as co-owners of the business for profit (Hughes, 2011). Regardless of the number of people involved, a partnership often represents a pooling of special managerial skills and talents. In order to mitigate the disadvantage of limited capital, Mr Raman can request his family members or friends to become his partner. This additional capital will assists Mr Raman to scale up his business activities for a better profit. Banks and suppliers will be willing to provide additional financing as they will be more comfortable and confident of Mr Ramans repayment capability. Each partner is responsible for the well-being of the business entity. The pride of managing the supermarket and solving the daily operational problems will enhance the partners motivation to work harder to reap more business proceeds. Customers can be better served and eventually through word of mouth on the excellent services rendered at Ramans Supermarket will help to boost his business. Currently, Mr Raman is the only one actively running the daily operations of his supermarket. Partners often have complementary skills Mr Raman could manipulate of his partners specialization to further enhance its services. Furthermore, should there be any problems or issues, the partners can discuss and arrive at a better decision synergy effect. The sharing of profits would also motivate the partners to work harder. Higher business turnover leads to higher profit-sharing among the partners. However, Mr Raman should document the methods of profit-sharing at the initial stage of the partnership deeds or agreements. At the same time, the liabilities are also shared by each of the partners and not by the sole-trader alone. Losses are borne by each of the partners based on their shares. The legal requirements of setting up a partnership are minimal as compared to corporate entities. As long as the business is registered legally, it is good to go. However, Mr Raman should create his own Partnership Deeds in order to avoid any problems in the future.

Essay --

Matt Simmons Ms. Clemons CP Eng. III 1-7-14 The Great Escape Micheal Chabon's 2001, Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay is truly an all american book. The novel is about a jewish immigrant by the name of Josef Kavalier, who comes to America from Prague to escape the Nazis in 1939. He teams up with his cousin Sammy Clay to start making comic books. The book goes into great detail of the lives and adventures of the two boys from 1935 to 1954. One of many themes about this book is the idea of escape. Escaping from things is something that is seen very often throughout the story. This theme is portrayed through the jewish symbol of the golem, the comic books that the boys write, and the actions that Joe makes. A reoccurring symbol throughout the novel is the jewish golem. A golem is an artificial creature created by magic to serve its creator. It is often made out of soil or clay and needs special words spoken to it to bring it to life. The most famous stories of the golem are when the golem is created to protect jews from harm. The golem in Kavalier and Clay symbolizes the idea of escape and creation. In the novel, Josef Kavalier is having a hard time getting to America because his visa papers are not being handled correctly. Joe's magic teacher, Bernard Kornblum, devises a plan to get Joe to America that includes the Golem. The two men get the coffin of the golem and ship it to Lithuania. Josef would be in the casket with only, â€Å"an empty Mosel bottle, into which he was [supposed to], at rare intervals. . . sparingly, relieve his bladder† (Chabon 64). For 44 hours, Joe was cramped into this coffin before he, â€Å"staggered, dazed, blinking, limping, bent, asphyxiated, and smelling of stale urine,... ...en] he clambered over the back of his seat [to confront the men]† (Chabon 196). Although Joe often got beat up when he would pick these fights, it was just a way to let his feelings escape and help him think he was really fighting the Nazis. Joe Kavalier was The Escapist. Escaping from things is either good or bad. It either means you were brave enough to try or to cowardly to stay. The art of escape is one of many themes in The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay. Using things such as the golem, comic books, and his character, Joe Kavalier, Micheal Chabon delivers this idea on a silver platter for the reader. Everyone wants to try and get away from the world and have an escape to make things right. Whether it be writing, drawing, exercising, or whatever lets you clear your head. It is important to just get away sometimes and make reality disappear for a while.

Indigenous Culture Website Reviews

Question Response Website #1 URL:Â  https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/3483-2/ Name of Indigenous culture/religion presented in Web site Indigenous People of Arctic Russia What is the main purpose of the website you found?The main purpose of the article was to educate about the people of Arctic Russia. It goes into detail about the oppression of the people and the plan to erase the culture that they hold as an important part of their lifestyle. It also explains the current events that are happening between the state and the indigenous people.What roles and observances are sacred to this indigenous group? The roles that are sacred are the shamans and the sacred sites within the environment that they are located.How, if at all, has the culture or religion of this group changed or evolved over time? Throughout the years, the culture has suffered many ups and downs. The loss of the traditions was beginning to happen due to the interference of people not native to the land or the tribe settling in the area. The state also passed laws and in result has taken land and other resources from them. Currently efforts are being ta ken to re-energize the resources that were taken from the indigenous people and save some of the resources were not destroyed throughout the years.Has modern society (Western Culture) had an impact on this indigenous group? Western society played a part with the destruction of the resources in Northern Siberia. With the help of the Europeans, both were mainly responsible for the depletion of the land due to petroleum and hydroelectric mining.What is one thing you learned about this indigenous group from the website that surprised you or that you found interesting?The one thing I’m surprised in is the similarities the indigenous people of Serbia and Native of the United States. Both live off the land and had similar problem with the resources.What, in your opinion, makes this website authoritative? Because everybody knows about the native Americans but little is known about the natives of Russia and the trail and tribulations.Question Response Website #2 URL: http://australia. gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-indigenous-cultural-heritageName of Indigenous culture/religion presented in Web site Australian Indigenous cultural heritageWhat is the main purpose of the website you found? The purpose is to explain the religion, culture, and the way of life of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.What roles and observances are sacred to this indigenous group?The land is sacred to both cultures. The belief they have is the land is sustained and is sustained by the people.How, if at all, has the culture or religion of this group changed evolved over time?The culture has changed with the introduction of the European culture and the result of the decrease of the culture with the introduction of Christianity.Has modern society (Western Culture) had an impact on this indigenous group? With the introduction of metal, glass and metal within the culture from the Europeans, they understood the ease with using the materials versus just using rock.What is one thing you learned about this indigenous group from the website that surprised you or that you found interesting? I’ve learned that their traditions and way of life is one of the oldest cultures in the world. The culture currently exists today in Australia and there are more than 500 different nations that exist.What, in your opinion, makes this website authoritative? In my opinion is for the tourist that plan to go there for vacation. The site goes into the culture that the aborigines has to offer but not much into the past between the people and the country.

Legal Defenses Essay

Introduction This paper will give brief description on three types of legal defenses and the elements of a crime, how the crime applies to the overall criminal procedure. It also will give a definition to what each element means. Legal Defenses and Their Definition A legal defense is one that satisfies all legal requirements of a court case. The three legal defenses I will be describing are insanity, self-defense, and mistake of fact. Insanity-his or her insanity at the time of a crime meant he or she could not rationally form mens rea to commit a criminal act. (Meyer & Grant, 2003) â€Å"Being insane at the time of one’s crime is a complete defense to crime. The idea is that the system should not punish people who do not possess mens rea. (Meyer & Grant, 2003) Different country uses the insanity tests. The most common one used is the M’Naqhten Rule, that a person is insane if he or she was doing, or literally did not know it was wrong. Self-defense-his or her actions were meant to protect him or herself from death or serious bodily harm. The victim of an actual or apparent deadly attack may kill another person if it is reasonably necessary to use such force to protect oneself from death or serious bodily harm. (Meyer & Grant, 2003) Self-defense is different from other defenses to crime in that the defendant who claims self-defense is actually asserting that she or he acted appropriately. Mistake of fact- the acts arose from an honest and reasonable mistake, such as accidentally picking up someone else’s umbrella instead of own. Mistake of fact is more akin to innocently switching briefcase at the airport because of being rushed. â€Å"Being in aware if or misunderstanding a law is a valid defense only under limited circumstances such as violations of confusing or complicated law like as the tax load. (Meyer & Grant, 2003) Crimes Elements â€Å"There are three elements that must be present in order for an act to be labeled a crime†. The three elements are actus reus, mens rea, and the concurrence. Actus Reus- â€Å"The Criminal Act† (the physical action of the crime) a person must act, or fail to act as required or expected, to meet the standard for actus reus (criminal act). Example, it is illegal to sell drugs or possess drugs but it is not illegal to be a drug addict. (Pearson CJI) Mens Rea â€Å"Guilty mind (intent or knowledge to commit a crime) this element is a key element in establishing that a crime has been committed. The following mental conditions may establish the presence of a guilty mind: 1. Purpose- when someone engages in a behavior or purpose. 2. Knowledge- when a person is practically certain of their actions will cause harm. 3. Recklessness- when a person engages in careless or risky behavior that increases the potential for harm; reckless behavior. 4. Negligence- when a person fails to do something that required, or they should have known better to act in a certain way, the behavior was negligent. (Pearson CJI) The Concurrence is the coexistence of acts reus and mens rea. â€Å"There must be a substantive relationship between the act and the mindset for a crime to have occurred.† A mean, hurtful, or malicious thought is not enough to establish a crime if no action The legal defense satisfies all legal requirements of a court case. Three elements have to have occurred in order for an act to be labeled as a crime. You can’t take a person to court on action that you believe to have happen it must be a physical action, intent or knowledge to commit a crime, or substantive relationship between the act and the mindset for a crime to have occurred. References CJI Interactive Meyer, J. F., & Grant, D. R. (2003). The courts in our criminal justice system. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

How World War II Affected Women

How World War II Affected Women Womens lives changed in many ways during World War II. As with most wars, many women found their roles and opportunities- and responsibilities- expanded. As Doris Weatherford wrote, â€Å"War holds many ironies, and among them is its liberating effect on women.† But the war also results in the special degradation of women, as victims of sexual violence. Around the World While many of the resources on this topic address American women specifically, Americans were by no means unique in being affected by and  playing critical roles in the war. Women in other Allied and Axis countries were also affected. Some ways in which women were affected were specific and unusual: the comfort women of China and Korea and the extermination and suffering of Jewish women in the Holocaust, for example. Women were among those held in internment camps by the United States for being of Japanese descent. Women and the Holocaustâ€Å"Comfort Women: of China and KoreaMargaret Bourke-White Photographs including of concentration and work campsJapanese Internment in the U.S. In other ways, there were similar or parallel global experiences: the advent of British, Soviet, and American women pilots or the worldwide home-makers burden of coping with wartime rationing and shortages, for example. American Women at Home and Work Husbands went to war or went to work in factories in other parts of the country, and the wives had to pick up their husbands responsibilities. With fewer men in the workforce, women filled more traditionally male jobs. World War II: Women at HomeWorld War II: Women at Work  (Images: Rosie the Riveter and Her Sisters)World War II: Women and Government Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady, served during the war as the â€Å"eyes and ears† for her husband, whose ability to travel widely was impacted by his disability after he’d contracted polio in 1921. American Women and the Military In the military, women were excluded from combat duty, so women were called on to fill some military jobs that men had performed, to free men for combat duty. Some of those jobs took women near or into combat zones, and sometimes combat came to civilian areas, so some women died.  Special divisions for women were created in most of the military branches. World War II: Women and the MilitaryWASP: Women Pilots of World War II More Roles Some women, American and others, are known for their roles resisting the war.  Some of these women were pacifists, some opposed their country’s side, and some cooperated with invaders. World War II: Women Spies, Traitors, Pacifists, and War OpponentsTokyo Rose: imprisoned for treason, eventually cleared, pardoned in 1977Josephine Baker Celebrities were used on all sides as propaganda figures. A few used their celebrity status to work to raise funds or even to work in the underground. World War II: Women Celebrities and the WarLeni RiefenstahlLillian HellmanFuture celebrity Marilyn Monroe was photographed in a World War II factory job For further exploration, see the excellent read on the topic: Doris Weatherford’s American Women and World War II.

Concept paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept paper - Assignment Example The need for able leadership in the retail sector was upheld in the ‘Retail Davos’- the Retail Leadership Forum held on the 13th and14th of September 2011. This event hosted by the global business advisory giants like Goldman Sachs, Korn/Ferry International and OC&C Strategy Consultants, discussed the role of leadership in the modern era of retailing. According to the speakers at the forum, the retail leaders in future will require â€Å"a new set of leadership skills in order to adapt to the changing dynamics in the fact paced industry.† (Harrison, 2011) This has become a pressing issue on the regional as well as global level. And this is what makes this research problem a matter of substantial business interest. In the present business era marked by fierce competition, many global and local retailers are awakening to realize their most critical survival challenge in the forthcoming years. Already caught in the cobweb of competition, pricing, consumer preferences and global extension, the new challenge that has baffled the retail industry is the need for competent leaders. (Florida, 2006; Higgs, 2001; Stalk, 1992) The retail heads across the world have understood that in order to achieve successful organizational growth, it is vital to find and engage the right leadership. (Lengnick-Hall, 2003; Shim, 2002) Studies in retail leadership conducted by Korn/Ferry in collaboration with the World Retail Congress have shown that the lack of right leadership talent can severely affect the development and expansion of retailers, thereby hampering their business growth. (Morel-Curran, 2008) My study looks forward to critical evaluating the need for restructuring of leadership training in retail managem ent. The research methodology to be used is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design and the method to collect data will be through surveys. The purpose of the study is to critically evaluate the need for restructuring of leadership training in retail

Different IT Systems used in Retail Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Different IT Systems used in Retail - Assignment Example It is notable that there are no two ERP vendors that are the same in the services they offer. The differences are noticed in their product executions based on the functionalities of their products. The applications may be similar in a number of factors that also display negligible exceptions in their developments. Most of the software applications are used to support different tasks as per the requirements of and objectives for which the application was designed. It is essential for the software vendors to establish the benefits of taking care of the business needs of the small and midsized companies. Oracle offers different modules from SAPs that are distinctive in terms of the needs and requirements of the applications being developed. This is seen in the ERP frameworks that the two vendors have to offer because the clients they deal with choose products that suit their business needs. Some of the common needs that companies grapple with include financial management, distribution management, and Personnel management. It is the duty of the vendors to narrow down on specific needs to offer the best services. It is essential for prospective clients to contact vendor before they can start developing solutions. Supply chain management software is essential for companies to have an advantage in the management of its supplies. They are meant to transform the usual supply chains into systems that are meant to bring substantial value to the company’s businesses. They provide an appropriate platform for the transformation of the company’s businesses there by changing the fortunes of the company. The systems bring about flexibility and reliability of company’s operations, which is likely to translate to increased profitability. Supply chain management systems ensure that organizations are able to scale up their operations because of the flexibility brought

U.S. - China relations since 1970 to present Term Paper

U.S. - China relations since 1970 to present - Term Paper Example US-China relations since 1970 to present Both US and China differ on their ideologies and also do not possess similar economic and political views. They in fact come together for strategic necessity. The US side is filled with suspicion about China’s intentions and its strategies on economic, political & military fronts. The Chinese side on the other hand considers US as a threat to their communist ideology. US always pressurize China in the areas of human rights, economic and military sanctions. China though not always interested in ideological quarrel is forced to do so by the western ideology followed by the US. Therefore US-China relationship has developed on the parameters of mistrust and non-declarative thoughts along with military capacity building aimed against each other (Guo, 2010, p2). The US was basically a result of the convergence of the North American, European and African cultures. It mainly developed from small and struggling settlements to more thriving and populous colonies between 17th and 18th ce ntury facilitated by the exploitation of natural resources of North America. The commercial and cultural exchanges throughout Europe, Africa and the America led to the creation of the modern world (Winkler, Mires & Pestana, 2006, pp. 7-13). Initially during the period of Opium war in China the US was trying to disrupt and destabilize China’s communist government. The US considered China an aggressive power and threat to the non-communist countries. The US stationed military troops down the eastern and southern boundaries of China. During this period the US also engaged in the war in Vietnam. The US formed alliances with Japan, South Korea and the Nationalist government on Taiwan and encouraged them not to develop diplomatic relations with Beijing. The US also restricted American’s entry into China. The US was in fact tougher on China than other communist rivals. It pursed a â€Å"wedge† strategy which was aimed to encourage a separation between the two communist allies (Nathan & Ross, 1997). More than 90% of the Americans held unfavorable images about China; considered the nation as threat to US security. The American concepts of individual liberty, political pluralism and economic opportunity were alien to China. China was marked by Cultural Revolution trying to inculcate ideals of collectivism, asceticism among its people and facing continuous class struggle. China thought US to be beneficial on economic and political front. But Americans considered China an irrational power as their support for revolutionary movements proved to be dangerous to US (Harding, 1992, p.3). Therefore it was particularly a period of the formation of new ideas. US- China (1970-1989) Beginning from 1970 the relation between US and China was found to be versatile and multileveled. The two nations began to move closer to each other. The Americans on the one hand were trying to end their Vietnamese war while China was seeking support on account of its resistance to the pressure from Soviet Union (Nathan & Ross, 1997). Soviet Union was a direct threat to the security of China. Due to Soviet Union gaining an advantageous position in the global arena against the US compelled a reconciliation between the US and China. Both the countries started coordinating their strategic postures and united their military assets against Soviet expansion. Some Chinese leaders including Mao were interested in resuming cultural and

Interactive Training Modules in Microcontrolling and Microprocessing Essay Example for Free

Interactive Training Modules in Microcontrolling and Microprocessing Essay Computer Engineering Department lacks equipment when it comes to new kinds of microcontrollers and modules. Developing interactive training modules is our proposed solution to that problem. This interactive training module will be a medium to help students and enable them to get ideas on how to do their projects. This project presents the Interactive Training Modules for Microcontrolling and Microprocessing. It consists of combinations of different modules that are used for training that is available in the market and an interactive manual. The main objectives of this project is to have a low cost training module for Computer Engineering Department that can be used as an educational material in teaching basic microcontrolling and microprocessing to give the students ideas in creating their own projects. The interactive training modules will consist a microcontroller and different types of sensors, input/output devices, motors, and communication modules. Each module will have several easy to understand educational experiments and other using the combination of different modules. The interactive manual will contain all the instructions for the experiment, information about the microcontroller and other details that can be very helpful for the user of the trainer. A Gizduino (Arduino based microcontroller) will be used for this project because of being a low-cost microcontroller and easy to understand programming language which is C-based. We decided to purchase a ready made and low cost trainer that is easy to use and will have an additional feature like having a Ethernet Shield that can be used in controlling other modules. B. Statement of the problem The proponents aim to present the general problem and specific problems. Microprocessing and Microcontrolling have become important over a wide range of applications from hobby, manufacturing, surgery until to the handling of hazardous materials. Consequently, it’s important to understand how they work, and what problems exist in designing effective project interactive training modules. In designing interactive training modules, we must understand it requires a lot of knowledge and basic information about the modules. From other research and studies, there are several problems statements that are clarify and noticed †¢Cost Initially, the cost for purchasing an interactive training module is very expensive. A quality and suitable materials for this project will cost a lot of budget and it’s clearly not affordable. This will cause a difficulty for educational purposes and many students and instructors will find lots of difficulties in doing their studies and research. Thus this project will help them to deliver a better understanding about the basic operation and functions of a Microprocessor and Microcontroller. †¢Hardware system To construct a interactive module, there are few procedures to be considered which are process etching, installating component, soldering process, testing and troubleshooting. If the constructed circuit does not function, troubleshooting must be done, thus it needs a lot of focus and knowledge about circuit process. †¢System integration Technically, it is always difficult to integrate the hardware and software. There are many ways to integrate the system to function according to instructions that are given. Loads of research and studies must be done in order to achieve the expected result for this project. Also this study provides answers to the following questions: †¢What are the problems encountered by the students and instructors in using the existing instructional tools available for the Computer Engineering Department? †¢What are the solutions that can be provided to address the problems? C. Objectives of the study The objectives of this project are: i.To have an up-to-date and low cost training module that can be used by the Computer Engineering students. ii.To produce an interactive training manual as a guide for educational purpose. iii.To build and develop both the training modules hardware and software system that could be integrated to support the application system of a basic microcontroller and microprocessor. D. Scope and Delimitation Basically the scope of this project will be the following: i.Doing research and development for the project. ii.Gathering informative source about the topic from multiple source such as books, journals, internet and also magazines. iii.Start developing and installing the materials for the hardware. iv.Integrating the developed hardware and software. v.Doing performance testing to the developed project. E. Significance of the Study This project would be beneficial for the following: i.Instructors: It will provide sample in discussing how to create projects that need microcontrolling and microprocessing, it can also be used as an instructional tool for the laboratory experiments on employing effective learning in their class. ii.Students: It will serve as a basis of reference for conducting study and a way of training themselves in basic microcontrolling and microprocessing. iii.Campus: It will provide better method of teaching new technologies to Computer Engineering students. iv.Researchers: It will serve as a future reference on the subject of Microcontroller and Microprocessor. F. Definition of Terms Arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy to use hardware and software. Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). Interactive Accepting input from a human. Interactive computer systems are programs that allow users to enter data or commands. Most popular programs, such as word processors and spreadsheet applications. Microcontroller A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated  µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computers central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. Module A self-contained assembly of electronic components and circuitry, such as a stage in a computer that is installed as a unit. Motor A device that converts any form of energy into mechanical energy, especially an internal-combustion engine or an arrangement of coils and magnets that converts electric current into mechanical power. Sensors A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument.

Understanding Corporate social responsibility and its effects

Understanding Corporate social responsibility and its effects What is the Corporate Social Responsibility? business encompass the economic, legal ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organisation at given point in time. [Carroll A B 1979 (497-505) a three dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance; a academy of management review]  ²societal expectation of corporate behaviour, a behaviour that is alleged by a stakeholder to be expected by society or morally required and is therefore justifiably demand of a business ². [ Whetten D.A.Rands, G. Godfrey P {2002} what are the responsibility of business to society]. To be a socially responsible corporation, a company must be more than legal and ethical person also. CSR is not always a legal necessity; increasingly it is an obligation. However a company has to be socially responsible even though it is not a legal obligation The corporate behaviour pyramid: [Aras G Crowther D (2008); The social obligation of corporation; Journal of Knowledge Globalisation1 (1), 43-59] The shareholder view: The social responsibility of a business is to make profit. (Friedman) The justification for this are: Pursuing profit will result in increase employment, generate economic growth, stimulate innovation, increase the tax take and generally raise living standards. Making profit is therefore itself a public good and is a sufficient purpose of business. Directors should be acting on behalf of shareholders. CSR too often means that directors are being charitable with other people money. Shareholders are free to use their dividends to contribute towards CSR if they wish. Business is not competent to deicide moral and ethical matters. Where is the domestic connection between what a business decides to spend money and efforts on and where that money and efforts are actually needed or wanted by society? Are CSR projects chosen simply because they are areas where directors, or their spouses, are personally interested? (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) The longer-term self-interest view: It is in the long-term economic self-interest of business to act in a reasonably responsible manner. (Drucker) Failure to do so will prompt legislation. Failure to do so will damage the business and even the industry. The public relations and enhancement of reputation arising from CSR will increase profit in the long term. CSR is therefore seen and justified as expenditure that helps to generate long term profits. (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) The stakeholder view: This view assumes that shareholders are simply one stakeholder among many, and that their interests are not necessarily paramount. There may be circumstances where shareholder interest has to be sacrificed for the greater good of other stakeholders. Quite how it is decided which stakeholders deserve generosity at any particular time is not clear. There is a danger that the stakeholders that benefit are those with most power which is not necessarily the same as the stakeholders who might deserve attention. (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) Workplace: The British Airways develop to supply a working environment that motivates, engages, supports and develops their colleagues. The intend of airline workplace is to encourage their colleagues to be committed to corporate responsibility and all colleagues onboard one destination. The airline is trying to work with new way. The airline aspiration to be the best is by safety of the people and functioning excellence with culture values. Equality and Diversity: Legislation, voluntary codes of practice and equality initiatives have resulted in some progress towards equality of treatment for minority groups at work, but there remains inescapable evidence of continuing discrimination. More recent approaches under the banner of management of diversity include the economic and business case for equality, the valuing and managing of diversity in organisations, culture change and mainstreaming of equality initiatives. (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2005 p.529) The British Airways is committed equal opportunity. Their policies aims to that no job applicant or employee receives less favorable treatment on the basis of their age, sex, creed, disability, full or part time status, nationality, or ethnic origin, race, religion or sexual orientation. Dignity and respect is at the hub of British airways diversity initiatives, focusing on the relationship between colleagues and customer, irrespective of their background, religion or culture. The airline ran a diversity week, holding a series of events to raise awareness of differences to help create a more positive and productive work environment. (International Air Transport Association (IATA) Airline employees 2008. City Business Library London) (http://www.iata.org/membership/airline_members_list?All=true) Employee retirement age: It is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against someone on the grounds of age, i.e. against someone of a particular age or someone in any age band. The age discrimination legislation provides for a default retirement age of 65. Compulsory retirement ages below 65 are unlawful unless objectively justified. In addition, employees have the right to request to work beyond that age. Employers have a duty to consider such requests. (www.businesslink.gov.uk) The airline make an effort to fulfill new Age Decimation Act, The airline were operating crew and pilot retire age 55 but now are 60 and in future it will be exceed to 65. Training programmes: The airline deliver 211 to 215 days of training during the year, including 4,500 training days to cabin crew to enable them to deliver the very highest level of services to our customer travelling in premium cabin and 2,248 days to ground staff. Online mandatory training course for all colleagues was introduced this year. The premium services training programme allows approximately 11,000 cabin crew to receive expert training on services and the food and beverages offered on First, Club World and Club Europe. Development programmes: Strategy of airline is to develop workplace at level which leads the business through on current challenging operating environment. High Performance Leadership (HLP) is embedding a high performance culture amongst airline leader. The leadership capabilities that are needed to lead the business were defined and communicated and individuals performance against measured during the year. The capabilities are communicating a common vision, agreeing accountabilities and motivating and inspiring other. Employee induction: The purpose of induction in organisation to settle the new employee as quickly and efficiently as possible. The airline is trying to achieve the objective of induction and have introduced a new process to ensure that this happens. Employee relation: The airline is working with total of three trade unions demonstrating colleagues across the business. The new Human Resources (HR) model has been implemented. HR business partner now focus on good people management and employee relation and are responsible for day to day industrial relation matters. In addition, 15 effective IR (Interpersonal Relation) skills workshops were provided throughout the year, with 118 delegates presence. Line manager and trade union representatives were able to come together at these workshops to focus on joint problem solving. A further 75 manager attended our new introduction to industrial relation courses. Reward: The carriers cabin crew could see their pay docked by up to  £5,000 each as part of proposals put forward by the airline to cut costs. BA wants to cap the amount its 14,000 crew members can claim in allowances for working long haul flights. The proposal is in addition to changes to working practices that BA will impose from next month (Time online 28 October 2009) The British Airways is claiming in Corporate Responsibility report 2008-2009 that the airline developing good salary structure in the organisation help to create an environment that encourages sustainable high performance. The airline developed salary structure not only that salary costs can be managed more effectively, but also that salaries are internally equitable across roles and differences in roles and differences in responsibility, skill and performance can be recognised and reward. The airline is also functioning bonus scheme using a of financial and non financial performance indicator. Since 2005 airline Employees Reward Plan (ERP) has allowed non management employees to share in the success of the business based on achievement of corporate measures and targets. However, due to unfavourable trading condition, the scheme did not manage in 2008/2009. (Source: www.britishairways.com) Marketplace: Market is human activity directed at satisfying need and wants through exchange processes (Kotler, 1986, p-6) There are two main pillars of marketplace customer and supplier. The airline is encouraging commitment to corporate responsibility and to build sustainable business. The airline is operating over 33 million customers and 2000 supplier. The airline is focusing on customer and supplier to secure the position as a global premium airline. 1-Supplier Its social responsibility for the airline to pay its supplier according to term. In reference that the airline paid their supplier on average, 91 per cent were on time in the UK for the year ended March 31, 2009.The airline aim to exceed in next year. The airlines are party to the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) code of practise on supplier payment and are dedicated to paying the supplier on agreed term. The number of days purchases in creditors at March 31, 2009 is calculated in accordance with the provision of the companies Act 1985 and was 32 days (2008: 33 days). The airline carry on to reduce the carbon footprint with the acquirer of environmentally capable aircraft (A380) and airline will have taken delivery of its first three by the end of June with a further 36 aircraft on order. Particular concern has been given to ensuring environmentally efficient and lightweight materials will be used in the construction of both. The airline also working in long term with Grundon, using their energy from waste plant to produce electricity for the National Grid 2-Customer In the market place customer are broken down into group with different ideas of what they want. The largest group is the one looking for a low-price, no frills services- but of course low prices often go hand in hand with low profits. The group who are prepared to pay for exceptional quality small, but probably more profitable as individual. The company has to decide where its own strengths lie in terms of meeting customer expectation, and then decide whether it is able to meet the needs of its chosen target group better than the competition can do it (Jim Blythe, Principle Practice of Marketing, 2005, p-178) In these different groups of customer the British airways lies in the group D, which customer are willing to pay more for exceptional quality, because the airline are operating at premium services. Premium customer also wants reliability and consistency in the services and customer also like the increased flexibility and the wider choice of movie, TV programmes, audio and interactive games. The main problem is that the airline failure to achieve the profit in the particular segment. British Airways World Cargo continues to focus on providing premium products. The airline people play a crucial role in providing the upgrade travel experience. They are committed to excellent services and are investing heavily in training customer facing colleagues. Some of customers are unhappy because the British Airways will start charging passengers up to  £60 to reserve a seat as part of the airlines plans to cut costs and increase revenues. (Time online, 25 September 2009) British Airways focuses on offering online services to retain old customers and to attract new customers. It has made several upgrades to the e-services offered on its website, www.ba.com.The online portal is helping British Airways to drive down costs and increase revenues. Almost a third of all the companys bookings are made on ba.com, with almost half of all European leisure fares sold via the UK site, as a testimony to its popularity with customers. The customers are also provided with the option to book hotels and hire cars through the website. In FY2009, the company introduced a new feature allowing customers to upgrade their booking at any time between buying a ticket and checking-in online. British Airways had launched a new service, allowing customers to check-in or access real time arrivals and departures information through their mobiles. Therefore e-services help the company to attract more customers, enabling it to generate more revenues its allows airline customer to offset the carbon emissions of their journey with all proceeds going towards UN-certified emission reduction projects. (Source: www.britishairways.com) Community welfare programmes: Philanthropy encompasses those corporate actions that are in response to societys expectation that businesses be good corporate citizens. This includes actively engaging in acts or programs to promote human welfare or goodwill. Examples of philanthropy include business contributions to local communities, building education centre and charitable donations (Carrols model, ACCA text book P1 Professional Accountant) The airline continues to promote the community which one of the stepped to build a Community Learning Centre (CLC). Around 50,000 young people and adult learners on range of education programmes since its opening in 1999.The course are run in the Community Learning Centre with partnership of the United Nation International childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) focus on information and communication, Technology and the environment. The airline staff including (retired 3,500 and current) donated over  £630,000 ,their chosen charities through the airline giving Scheme directly from their payroll and airline also supported Children in Need and Red Nose Day across the airline raising over  £13,000 for charities in the UK and Overseas. Preceding years BA fun run raised in excess of  £55,000 for Cancer Research UK; during 2008/09 the airline World Cargo team collected and delivers over 95 tonnes of high quality gift, donated by employees from across the airline. The airline working with partnership United Nation International childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) has raised over  £26 million since in 1994 and has changed the lives of helpless children across the world. The a (Source: www.britishairways.com) Environment programmes British Airways impact on the environment involves the following: Climate Change The Climate Change Programme is CSR because it is about taking actions to reduce its impact on the environment. Climate change is a growing threat to the environment and to societies everywhere. British Airways actions on climate change go beyond compliance, demonstrating that it is taking voluntary actions to reduce its contribution to carbon emissions and better understand its impact on climate change. The British Airways climate change programme is focused on the following main areas: 1-Long term CO2 target: The airline develop long term plan to reduce CO2 by require the improvements in operational efficiency, investments in new aircraft technology, development of sustainable aviation fuels and investments in low emission technology in other sector of the economy through carbon trading. This trading is illustrates in figure below 2-EU and UK Emission Trading System (EU ETS): Airline will be fully sheltered by the EUs Emission Trading System from January 2012.The British Airways emission target has been set at 97 per cent of average annual emission in the reference period from 2004 to 2006. From 2013 the target is tightened to 95 per cent. British Airways set a target of total reductions in annual emissions of 125,000 tonnes of CO2, to be achieved over the five years 2002-2006. In 2004 the company agreed with the UK government to increase the voluntary target. 3-Carbon Efficiency: The airline is continuous try to reduce carbon by removing unwanted items from the aircraft to reduce the fuel burn, by developing light weight aircraft and modifications and simple changes such as the IFE spares pack removal, modifications to the World Traveller seats and the removal of the air stairs on 737 aircraft have already generated savings in excess of 6,500 tonnes of CO2. Carbon efficiency shows in following from 2006 to 2008. Airline is also developing procedure for the aircraft to taxi-out to the runway with an engine shout down wherever possible. This reduces fuel burn, CO2 and NOx emission. As comparison with Virgin Atlantic airline, on 24 February 2008 its become the first airline in the world to operate a commercial aircraft on bio fuel blend. The Boeing 747 flew a short flight from London to Amsterdam, using a 20% bio fuel and 80% kerosene blend in one of its four engines. Carbon Footprint: The airline is using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol corporate standard to measure the carbon footprint. The GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Protocol Corporate Standard provides standard and guidance for companies and other organizations preparing a GHG emissions inventory. It covers the accounting and reporting of the six greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol- carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) (http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard) The below graphs represent how the airline manage its carbon footprint year by year. Global ground emission footprint: The airline global ground operation generated a footprint of 164,535 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, arising from our building, vehicles and ground equipment. Global ground emission footprint (tonnes of CO2) (Source: www.britishairways.com) British Airways producing 8% (1,626,262/ 20,670,517) CO2 emission of the total airlines. Virgin Atlantic Airways producing 1.8% (372,552/20,670,517) CO2 emissions of the total airlines in world. C02 emission by sector aviation is second highest CO2 emission producing in the world and most one energy industries. 5-Noise and Air Quality: Quota count is a system used by Londons Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted airports to limit the amount of noise generated by night-time aircraft movements Noise restrictions for a plane during take-off: 94 decibels (Maximum level) during the day. (Add times) 7am 11pm 89 decibels (Maximum level) in the shoulder period. (Add times) 6am -7am and 11pm to 11.30pm 87 decibels (Maximum level) at night. (Add times) 11.30pm to 6am These limits set by the Department of Transport (DfT) apply at 6.5km from the start of the roll, i.e. the point on the runway where the plane starts to move in order to take off. Planes that break the noise limits on departure at specific locations are fined by BAA:  £500 for the first 3 decibels over the limit and  £1,000 above that. (Source: BAA website 2008) EPNdB over 101.9 = 16 Quota Count EPNdB 99 101.9 = 8 Quota Count EPNdB 96 98.9 = 4 Quota Count EPNdB 93 95-9 = 2 Quota Count EPNdB 90 92.9 = 1 Quota Count EPNdB less than 90= 0.5 Quota Count EPNdB less than 87 is exempt =0 Quota Count (^ National Air Traffic Services (2007-02-02) (PDF). London Heathrow, London Gatwick and London Stansted Airports Noise Restrictions Notice 2007. http://www.boeing.com/commercial/noise/notamfeb2007.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-28) The airline noise energy has remained the same over the last three years regardless of an increase in the use of our aircraft fleet. The airline continuous achieved noise level of Department of Transport (DFT) which is Quota Count 0.5(EPNdb90-87=0.5 Quota Count) and also the airline has objective is to reduce the average noise per flight by 15 per cent by 2015. Airline already achieved a reduction in NOx emission through the adaption of Boeing 747 (RB211) engines and Boeing 777 (GE90) engines. Its plan to further modify Boeing 737 engines delivering a 20 per cent reduction in NOx. For all routines take off airline use reduced take off thrust which significantly reduce NOx emission. 7-Waste: Currently the airline is developing the procedure to recycling paper, cardboard, plastics, pallets, carpets, batteries, drinks cans and have removed general waste bins in many office areas to encourage recycling and with transporting components, the airlinehave reduced or replaced non recyclable packaging material with recyclable material. A paper crusher is used to produce packaging, which is used to protect aircraft components during transportation. In 2007 airline recycled 35% of its waste at Heathrow and Gatwick (up from 30% last year). (Source: www.britishairways.com) Airline target is the recycling 50% of its waste by 2010 and the amount of annual waste managed through its contracts at Heathrow and Gatwick disposed to landfill reduced by 7.2% from 3,688 tonnes to 3,424 tonnes. At Virgin Atlantic also aim to achieve the recycle or reuse level 50% by 2012. To do this airline are choosing more items that are reusable recyclable or biodegradable and sourcing that use fewer materials. Business ethics What is ethics? Ethics is the set of rule prescribing what is good or evil, or what is right or wrong for people. What is business ethics? Business ethics means honesty, confidence, respect and fair acting in all circumstance. However, such values as honesty, respect and confidence are rather general concepts without definite boundaries. Ethics can also be define as overall fundamental principle and practices for improving the level of wellbeing of humanity. [David Crowther Guler Aras 2008 corporate social responsibility,p54] Ethical stances: The extent to which an organization will exceed its minimum obligations to stakeholder (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington) British Airways is committed to the highest standard of corporate behaviour from its Directors and employees. British Airways requires its entire people to perform their duties with efficiency and diligence and to always behave to customers and other people alike with courtesy and decorum. British Airways procurement process has strong controls to ensure that any dealings are open and transparent, avoids any suspicion of conflicts of interest, misuse of information and opportunity, confidentiality, fair dealing with customer and suppliers, proper use of company asset, compliance with laws and regulation. Conflict of Interest: A conflict of interest occurs when an individuals private interest interferes or appears to interfere with the interest of the airline. As a matter of airline policy, employees must not leave conflict of interest unresolved unless approved by airline. In particular employees must never use or attempt to use their position at the airline to obtain any improper personal benefit for themselves, for their families, or for any person. Confidentiality: The airline has strict policy that all employees to maintain the confidentiality information about the airline, its customer, suppliers, or joint venture parties. Employees must maintain the confidentiality of all information so entrusted to them, except when disclosure is authorised or legally mandated. Confidential or proprietary information of our Company, and of other companies, includes any non-public information that would be harmful to the relevant company or useful or helpful to competitors if disclosed. Fair Dealing: The airline does not seek competitive advantages through illegal or unethical business practices. Each employee should endeavour to deal fairly with the companys customers, service providers, suppliers, competitors and employees. No employee should take unfair advantage of anyone through manipulation, concealment, abuse of privileged information, misrepresentation of material facts, or any unfair dealing practice. Protection and Proper Use of Company Assets: All employees should protect the airline assets and ensure their efficient use. All airline assets should be used only for legitimate business purposes. (source:www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-govconduct) Benefit of become good citizen The British Airways can obtain great number of benefit by fulfill the corporate social responsibility policies to the entire stakeholder, including the enhanced airline image (this in itself can lead to increase sales), health and safety benefit, ease of attracting investments and lowered cost of such investments, better community relationship (this can lead to easier and quicker approval of plans through the planning process), improved relationship with regulator, improved morale among workers (leading to higher productivity, lower staff turnover and consequently lower recruitment and training cost), general improved and relationship with customer. In particularly which include; 2009 2008 Goodwill  £m 4  £m 4 No of employees 42098 42121 Passenger revenue  £m 7836  £m 7600 [www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-reportsannual] Impact on key stakeholder What is a stakeholder? Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organisation objective [ACCA course book P1 Professional Accountants] The classification of stakeholder There are two main way to classify the stakeholder, Internal v external: Internal stakeholder are those include within organisation such as employees, manager and director etc and where as external stakeholder are such group customer or suppliers who are generally not be of part of the organisation. Voluntary v involuntary: Voluntary those who have choice to engages with the organisation (employees, most customer, suppliers and shareholder) and involuntary those who have not choice to engages with organisation (local communities, neighbours, the nature world, future generation). [David Crowther Guler Aras 2008 (p30) corporate social responsibility] The corporate and social responsibility policies of British Airways greatly affect the stakeholders. The stakeholders of British Airways are the key customers, shareholders, employees, trade unions, lenders, Central Government, media, local community, pressure groups, local government and individual householders. I used Mendelowss Matrix for mapping the impact British Airways corporate and social responsibility policies on the stakeholders listed above. High Power Low Key Players E.g. key customer, active major shareholders, trade unions, employees, secured lenders. Involve Keep Informed E.g. Local Government, pressure groups, local media, local community, individual shareholders, individual customers. Consult / Inform Keep Satisfied E.g. Central Government, passive major shareholders, national media. Consider impact of action / inform Minimal Effort E.g. Individual shareholders living nearby. Ignore High Interest Low (ACCA study text-P1 Professional Accountants) Key Players: Key players are those stakeholders who have high interest and have high powers. The organisations strategy must be acceptable to them. Many business customers fly the same route on a regular basis. They want BA to do well so they can continue to use their service. Due to excellence of Terminal 5 the customer recommendations increase 61% to 65% But the shareholder little worried about the company performance because last two years the company was in loss. Keep Satisfied: Keep satisfied are those stakeholders who have low interest and high power to influence the policies of the company. The British Airways behaving these stakeholders are very well because the airline fulfill the requirements, like government and local community need good environment and less carbon emission which the airline successful are reducing carbon by 50% at end of 2050 years. Keep Informed: This group has high interest and low powers in company, but this group can be move to key player Colum. The British Airways ensure before every investment that laws and policy is full fill. Minimal Effort: This group has low power and low interest in the company. As British Airways can ignore them. These are individual shareholder or living near to airports. Conclusion It was a great idea to analysis the corporate and social responsibility policies of a division who is greatly involved in the production CO2 emissions and highly responsible for the climate change. During my research, I came crossways a number of facts, which I believe will help me to give a conclusion of my report. The facts are as under: The company started the operation in 1974 with the name of British Airways. During this period British Airways has build up an image as premium airline through its policies and positive image of its brand in the public. FY2009, Europe, the companys largest geographic market, accounted for 62.5% of the total revenues. I realise that the British Airways are more focus on Corporate Social Responsibility it might be effect on the company financial performance because its made loss in last two years. It is unethically for the sum of shareholder who wants profits from the company. British Airways is well behaving with their employees; who include the Induction, training, health and safety, promotion, high performance leadership, good salary structure and reward (ERP). At market place the British Airways failed to get reasonable profit from customer segment (premium customer), due to the airline did not report profit in last two years. Although the airline maintain good relationship with supplier through follow the code of practise (CBI). The airline maintain the position as Philanthropy (Carroll model), due to the airline continuously support poor world, people and working with UNICEF, UK Cancer and Research. The real fact is that the airline only make plan for reduction of 50% Carbon Emission (CO2) in 2050.But currently the CO2 more than last years. To achieving this objective the airline is need to invest in new aircraft technology, low emission trading project. For this objective the airline have good capita